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Daniel M'Naghten
Daniel M'Naghten (pronounced, and sometimes spelled, McNaughtan or McNaughton) (1813–1865) was a Scottish woodturner who assassinated English civil servant Edward Drummond while suffering from paranoid delusions. Through his trial and its aftermath, he has given his name to the legal test of criminal insanity in England and other common law jurisdictions known as the M'Naghten Rules.〔R Moran (, Daniel (1802/3–1865)'' ), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008. 〕
==Spelling of the name==
There is disagreement over how M'Naghten's name should be spelt (Mc or M' at the beginning, au or a in the middle, a, e, o or u at the end). M'Naghten is favoured in both English and American law reports, although the original trial report used M'Naughton; Bethlem and Broadmoor records use McNaughton and McNaughten.〔BL Diamond 1964 on the spelling of Daniel M'Naghten's name. ''Ohio State Law Journal'' 25(1). Reprinted in DJ West and A Walk (eds) 1977 ''Daniel McNaughton: his trial and the aftermath.'' Gaskell Books: 86–90.〕 In a 1981 book about the case, Richard Moran, Professor of Criminology at Mount Holyoke College, uses the spelling McNaughtan, arguing that this was the family spelling.〔R Moran 1981 ''Knowing Right from Wrong: the insanity defense of Daniel McNaughtan.'' The Free Press.〕 Until 1981, there was only one known signature: that which M'Naghten affixed to a sworn statement given before the magistrate at Bow Street during his arraignment. This signature, preserved in the Metropolitan Police File at the Public Records Office in Chancery Lane, London, first came to the attention of legal scholars in 1956. According to an authority at the British Museum this signature was spelt McNaughtun.〔 Since this spelling did not conform to any of those in popular use, it did not help to resolve the controversy.〔
Moran discovered a second signature during his research. On the front page of the ''Scotch Reformers Gazette'', supplementary edition for 4 March 1843, there appeared an artist's sketch of Daniel M'Naghten standing in the dock at Old Bailey, accompanied by an engraving of his signature. This signature revealed that the apparent u in the Bow Street signature was actually an a. It also indicated that the apostrophe was used by printers to signify a small letter c placed above the line, since the ''Scotch Reformers Gazette'', in the article accompanying the sketch and signature, used an inverted apostrophe to resemble more closely the letter c. The spelling "McNaughtan" was confirmed in the Glasgow Postal Directory for the years 1835 to 1844. While the Victorians were not always consistent in the way they spelled their names, even in official documents, several signatures of M'Naghten's father, uncovered while examining financial records at the Bank of Scotland, indicate that the "McNaughtan" spelling was the one used by the family.〔
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